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Pulkovo Airport

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Pulkovo Airport
Аэропорт Пулково
Pulkovo Airport logo.png
Summary
Airport type International
Owner Saint Petersburg City Administration
Operator Northern Capital Gateway
Serves Saint PetersburgRussia
Hub for
Elevation AMSL 79 ft / 24 m
Coordinates 59°48′01″N 30°15′45″E
Website pulkovoairport.ru
Map
Runways
Direction Length Surface
m ft
10R/28L 3,780 12,401 Cement-concrete
10L/28R 3,397 11,145 Cement-concrete
Statistics (2019)
Passengers 19,581,262
Passenger change
Sources: Russian Federal Air Transport Agency (see also provisional 2018 statistics)[1]

Pulkovo Airport (RussianАэропорт ПулковоIPA: [ˈpulkəvə]) (IATALEDICAOULLI) is an international airport serving St. PetersburgRussia. It consists of one terminal, Terminal 1 which is located 23 km (14 mi) south of the city centre.[2] The airport serves as a hub for Aeroflot[3] and as focus city for Smartavia. Pulkovo International Airport is responsible for serving the citizens of Saint Petersburg, as well as the Leningrad Oblast: a total of 6,120,000 people.

Description[edit]

Pulkovo Airport was officially opened on June 24, 1932, as a state-owned domestic airport. According to provisional figures for 2017, 16,125,520 passengers passed through the airport, a 21.6% increase over 2016. This makes Pulkovo the 4th busiest airport in Russia and the post-Soviet states.[2] Pulkovo is one of the largest airports in Russia and Eastern Europe.

History[edit]

1931–1986[edit]

In January 1931, construction of an aerodrome near Leningrad (Saint Petersburg’s official name between 1924 and 1991 and the source of the airfield’s IATA code of “LED” [2]) commenced and was completed on June 24, 1932, with the first aircraft arriving at 17:31 that day, after a two-and-a-half hour flight from Moscow carrying passengers and mail.[4] This aerodrome was at first named Shosseynaya Airport, the name coming from the nearby Shosseynaya railway station.[5] Soon after the airport opened regular flights to PetrozavodskPudozhArkhangelsk, and Murmansk.

In 1936, a foundation for a new terminal was laid out. Leningrad’s airport was also provided with new G-2s and PS-84s.[6] In 1941, a new completely commercial passenger route between Moscow and Leningrad was opened; before it was a mixed passenger-mail route. Construction of the new terminal thrived between 1937 and 1941. The architects of the new three-story terminal were Aleksandr Ivanovich Gegello and N.E. Lansere. Construction was abruptly put on hold in July 1941, one month after Nazi Germany‘s invasion of the USSR on June 22, 1941. The airport was the front line in the German Siege of Leningrad. There were no flights between 1941 and 1944. The nearby Pulkovo hills were occupied by the Germans and were used by German long-range artillery for daily bombardments of Leningrad. The airport was cleared of the Germans in January 1944, and resumed cargo and mail flights after the runways were repaired in 1945. In February 1948, after the damage was completely repaired, the airport resumed scheduled passenger flights. In 1949, there were scheduled flights to 15 major cities of the USSR, and 15 more short-range flights within the north-western Russia.[7] In 1949 Shosseynaya Airport recorded a passenger traffic rate of 6,305, 333 tons of mail, and 708 tons of cargo.[8]

In 1951, the construction of the new terminal was complete. In the mid-1950s the new extended runway was completed, allowing to handle larger aircraft such as Ilyushin-18 and Tupolev-104.[9] in that same time period the exploitation of jet engine planes began in Shosseynaya Airport. On March 15, 1959, the USSR-42419 Tu-104 was the first commercial jet airplane to take off from the Shosseynaya Airport.[citation needed]

In the early 1960s modern regional airplanes such as the An-24 and Yak-40 began to appear in the airport. Flights to Vladivostok began to emerge in the flight lists. ICAO category 1 standards were implemented in 1965, making way for international operations. By the late 1960s, over 60 airlines had flights to and from Saint Petersburg’s airport. On February 8, 1971, Shosseynaya was awarded the Order of the October Revolution.[10] The airport was renamed Pulkovo Airport on April 24, 1973. In May 1973, the new Pulkovo 1 terminal was opened. The famous 5-cup Pulkovo 1 was designed by Alexandr Zyk. The 5 cups on top were put intentionally to give the terminal a more spacious feeling, as well as to allow more natural sunlight to pass through. This terminal is regarded as a masterpiece of Soviet postmodern architecture.[11] Pulkovo 1 was a domestic-only terminal. Domestic air traffic increased approximately 45% every decade between the 1970-1990s. The old pre-war building of the airport was renamed to Pulkovo 2 and the terminal was exploited for international flights only.[12]

On April 11, 1986, the new departure and arrival zones for the international terminal were completed, doubling the passenger traffic rate capacity of Pulkovo 1.

1986–2007[edit]

In 1990, Pulkovo Airport reached its passenger traffic rate peak of over 10,000,000 passengers. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union the number of passengers declined. In 2005, Pulkovo Airport gained independence as it separated from the Pulkovo Aviation Enterprise. Also in 2005 Rosavia declares that Pulkovo Airport (still state-owned) is to have an open tender on an investment project of the new terminal construction. This allowed it to sell shares and begin working on investment bidding projects. In 2006, Pulkovo Airport served just over 5,000,000 passengers: only 50% of the number from 1990.

2007–present[edit]

In 2007, Grimshaw Architects was announced as the winner of the construction contract. In 2009, The Saint Petersburg Transportation Ministry requested that an operating company for Pulkovo Airport be created, and a consortium known as NCG (Northern Capital Gateway) was set up by Russian VTB Capital Bank, international Fraport AG Company, and the Greek Copelouzos Group. On April 29, 2010, NCG won the tender for a 30-year operating lease over Pulkovo Airport. On November 24, 2010, Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin attended a ceremony celebrating the beginning of construction on the new 150,000 m² Terminal 1.

From 2020, the number of destinations are expected to increase rapidly, with up to 75% increase in passenger numbers forecast. This follows a five-year test agreement permitting non-Russian airlines to operate flights from multiple European destinations into the airport under an OpenSkies/Seventh-freedom traffic right[13] The test follows an easing of visa requirements for many European nationals wishing to visit the St Petersburg region designed to increase tourism to the city through the airport.[14]

Terminals[edit]

Pulkovo 2[edit]

Pulkovo 2 is approximately 25,000 m2 (270,000 sq ft). The terminal used to serve as the international departures and arrivals zone. It was last renovated in 2009. Today, Pulkovo 2 is used as a second-hand terminal for government officials and VIP members.

Pulkovo 1[edit]

This terminal is 43,000 m2 (460,000 sq ft).[15] Pulkovo 1 was built for 6,500,000 passengers annually, but by 2008 it surpassed its maximum capacity.[16] Since its reconstruction was completed in 2014, this terminal is now used for all passenger flights, domestic and international. It has several duty-free shops, restaurants, and 6 jet bridges. It was reported that when the reconstruction of Pulkovo 1 is completed, Pulkovo Airport’s capacity would increase to 17,000,000 passengers annually.

Terminal 1[edit]

Construction of Terminal 1 was delayed several times and began in 2010.[citation needed] In November 2013, the airport was tested for errors by over 5,200 residents of Saint Petersburg who partook in the process. Several days after the test the new Terminal 1 opened on December 3, 2013. On February 14, 2014, all operations were consolidated into the new terminal as the old Pulkovo 1 and Pulkovo 2 terminals have been shut down.[15] The new terminal contains several business lounges, restaurants, pharmacies. Terminal 1 is 147,000 m² and has 400,000 m² airport dock in front of it. The airport has 88 check-in counters, 110 passport booths, 7 baggage carousels, 110 parking stands, 17 gates, and 17 escalators. The interior of the new airport was designed by Grimshaw Architects and directly correlates with the designs and style of Saint Petersburg city. The new Terminal also sought many artistic sculptures and paintings to give a sense of thriving culture to passengers. Four sculptures from Dmitry Shorin‘s project named I Believe in Angels decorate the departure hall.[17][18]

The current Pulkovo-1 terminal includes new terminal and old Soviet terminal that was re-constructed and fully converted into departure area.

Airlines and destinations[edit]

Passenger[edit]

Airlines Destinations
Aegean Airlines Seasonal: AthensRhodesThessaloniki
Aeroflot Moscow–Sheremetyevo
Air Astana AlmatyNur-Sultan
airBaltic Riga
Air France Paris–Charles de Gaulle
Air Malta Seasonal: Malta[19]
Air Moldova Chișinău
Air Serbia Seasonal: Belgrade
Alitalia Seasonal: Catania,[20] Rome–Fiumicino[20]
Alrosa MirnyNovosibirskPolyarnyYakutsk
Austrian Airlines Seasonal: Vienna
Avia Traffic Company BishkekOsh
Azerbaijan Airlines BakuGanja
Azimuth Bryansk,[21] Elista,[22] GroznyKaluga,[23] Krasnodar,[24] Rostov-on-Don,[24] Stavropol
Azur Air[25] Seasonal charter: AntalyaBarcelonaColombo–Bandaranaike,[26] DalamanEnfidhaLarnacaPhuketSanya[26]
Belavia Minsk
Brussels Airlines Seasonal: Brussels
Bulgaria Air Sofia (begins 18 April 2020)[27][28]
Buta Airways Baku[29]
China Eastern Airlines Shanghai–PudongXi’an[30]
China Southern Airlines LanzhouÜrümqi[31]
Croatia Airlines Seasonal: Zagreb
Ellinair Seasonal: Corfu (resumes 2 June 2020),[32] Heraklion (resumes 2 May 2020),[32] Thessaloniki
Emirates Dubai–International
Finnair Helsinki
FlyOne Seasonal: Chișinău (begins 6 July 2020)[33]
Hainan Airlines Beijing–Capital (suspended)
Iberia Seasonal: Madrid
I-Fly Charter: Shenzhen
IrAero Barnaul,[34] IrkutskKarshi,[35] Nizhny Novgorod
Iran Air Tehran–Imam Khomeini[36]
Iran Aseman Airlines Seasonal: Tehran–Imam Khomeini
Izhavia Izhevsk
KLM Amsterdam
Komiaviatrans BelgorodNizhnekamskPermSyktyvkarUsinskVladimir
Korean Air Seasonal: Seoul–Incheon
Kostroma Air Enterprise Kostroma
LOT Polish Airlines Warsaw–Chopin
Lucky Air Chengdu (suspended),[37] Kunming (suspended)[38]
Lufthansa FrankfurtMunich
Mahan Air Seasonal: Tehran–Imam Khomeini[39]
Seasonal charter: Mashhad
Montenegro Airlines Seasonal: Tivat
NordStar Moscow–Domodedovo,[40] Norilsk
Nordwind Airlines Baku,[41] Krasnodar,[41] Moscow–SheremetyevoRostov-on-Don,[41] Yekaterinburg
Seasonal charter: Antalya,[42] Burgas,[42] Cam Ranh,[42] Djerba,[42] Heraklion,[42] Monastir,[42] Pattaya–U-Tapao,[42] Phuket[42]
Pegas Fly Yerevan[43]
Pobeda Astrakhan,[44] Cheboksary,[45] Chelyabinsk,[44] Kaliningrad,[46] MagasMoscow–VnukovoNalchik,[47] Novosibirsk,[44] Perm,[44][48] Rostov-on-Don (ends 1 April 2020),[49] Samara (ends 1 April 2020),[49] Saratov,[50] Ufa,[44] Vladikavkaz,[51] Volgograd,[51] Voronezh (begins 29 March 2020),[52] Yekaterinburg
Seasonal: Anapa,[53] KirovMakhachkala
Qatar Airways Doha[54]
Red Wings Airlines MakhachkalaSimferopolSochi
Seasonal: Krasnodar,[55] Tivat[55]
Rossiya Airlines AlmatyArkhangelskBarcelonaBerlin–SchönefeldChelyabinskDüsseldorfHamburgIstanbul,[56] KaliningradKazanKrasnodarKrasnoyarsk–InternationalLarnacaLondon–Gatwick,[57] Milan–MalpensaMineralnye VodyMoscow–SheremetyevoMoscow–VnukovoMunichMurmanskNiceNovosibirskOmskParis–Charles de GaullePermPragueRome–FiumicinoRostov-on-DonSamaraSamarkandSimferopolSochiSurgutSyktyvkarTashkentTel AvivTyumenUfaViennaYekaterinburg
Seasonal: AnapaAntalyaBurgasChișinăuGelendzhikRiminiTivatVarna
Seasonal charter: Sharjah
RusLine Belgorod,[58] Bergen,[59] IvanovoKaliningrad,[60] KirovKurskLipetskNizhny NovgorodOslo–GardermoenPenzaSaratovTambovUfaVilniusVoronezhYoshkar-Ola
Seasonal: Gelendzhik[61]
S7 Airlines AlicanteApatity/Kirovsk (begins 4 March 2020), Barcelona,[62] KalugaLipetsk,[63] Moscow–DomodedovoNovosibirskPenzaUlyanovsk,[64] Yaroslavl
Seasonal: Innsbruck,[65] Irkutsk,[66] SalzburgVerona
Scandinavian Airlines Stockholm–Arlanda[67]
Seasonal: Copenhagen
Severstal Air Company Apatity/KirovskCherepovetsSovetskyUkhtaVeliky Ustyug
Sichuan Airlines Chengdu (suspended),[68] Taiyuan (suspended)
Smartavia ArkhangelskBaku,[69] ChelyabinskKaliningradKazanMurmanskNaryan-MarRostov-on-Don,[70] SamaraSyktyvkarUfaVoronezh[43]
Seasonal: AnapaSimferopolSochi
Smartwings Prague[71]
Somon Air DushanbeKhujand
SunExpress Seasonal: Izmir[72]
Swiss International Air Lines Zürich
Taban Air Seasonal: Tehran–Imam Khomeini
Tunisair Seasonal: Monastir
Turkish Airlines Antalya,[73] Istanbul[74]
Turkmenistan Airlines Ashgabat
Ural Airlines Almaty,[75] BarnaulBishkekChitaDushanbeFrankfurt,[76] KaliningradKemerovoKhabarovskMineralnye VodyMoscow–Domodedovo,[77] NamanganNovosibirskOrenburgOshRostov-on-DonShymkent,[75][78] Tel AvivVladivostokYakutskYekaterinburgYerevan
Seasonal: BarcelonaLarnacaSimferopolSochiTenerife–South,[79] Tomsk
Seasonal charter: Antalya,[25] Palma de Mallorca,[42] Tivat[25]
Utair KrasnodarMineralnye VodyMoscow–VnukovoNizhny NovgorodNoyabrskSamaraSurgutVladikavkaz
Seasonal: AnapaNovy Urengoy
UVT Aero BugulmaKazanNizhnevartovskSalekhard
Uzbekistan Airways AndizhanBukharaFerganaKarshiNamanganNavoiSamarkandTashkentTermezUrgench
Vologda Aviation Enterprise Vologda
Vueling AlicanteBarcelona
Wizz Air Bratislava (begins 1 June 2020),[80] Bucharest (begins 1 June 2020),[81] BudapestLondon–LutonSofia (begins 2 July 2020),[82] Vilnius (begins 3 June 2020)[83]
Yakutia Airlines Yakutsk
Seasonal: MagadanNovosibirsk
Yamal Airlines Apatity/KirovskNovy Urengoy,[84] Tyumen
Seasonal: Simferopol
Seasonal charter: Corfu (begins 16 May 2020)[25]
Zagros Airlines Seasonal: Isfahan

Cargo[edit]

Airlines Destinations
Asiana Cargo Gothenburg–LandvetterVienna

Statistics[edit]

Annual traffic[edit]

Annual Passenger Traffic
Year Passengers % Change
2004 4,337,749 Route statistics[edit]
Busiest domestic routes at Pulkovo Airport (by number of passengers) 2018[85]
Rank City Region Airports Number of passengers
1 Moscow DomodedovoSheremetyevoVnukovo 4,837,840
2 Simferopol Simferopol Airport 630,677
3 Sochi Adler–Sochi International Airport 562,176
4 Kaliningrad Khrabrovo Airport 492,867
5 Yekaterinburg Koltsovo Airport 422,563
6 Novosibirsk Tolmachevo Airport 317,363
7 Arkhangelsk Talagi Airport 306,198
8 Rostov-on-Don Rostov-on-Don Airport 303,035
9 Krasnodar Pashkovsky Airport 295,160
10 Murmansk Murmansk Airport 283,719
Busiest CIS routes at Pulkovo Airport (by number of passengers) 2018[85]
Rank City Country Airports Number of passengers
1 Minsk Minsk National Airport 274,305
2 Tashkent Tashkent International Airport 124,426
3 Chișinău Chișinău International Airport 95,428
4 Almaty Almaty International Airport 90,258
5 Samarkand Samarkand Airport 78,569
6 Dushanbe Dushanbe International Airport 72,532
7 Baku Heydar Aliyev International Airport 72,197
8 Nur-Sultan Nursultan Nazarbayev International Airport 59,108
9 Osh Osh Airport 49,776
10 Yerevan Zvartnots International Airport 44,349
Busiest international routes at Pulkovo Airport (by number of passengers) 2018[85]
Rank City Country Airports Number of passengers
1 Antalya Antalya International Airport 700,658
2 Frankfurt Frankfurt Airport 284,679
3 Larnaca Larnaca International Airport 257,605
4 Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport 234,208
5 Munich Munich Airport 216,808
6 Dubai Dubai International Airport 184,427
7 Barcelona Barcelona–El Prat Airport 176,473
8 Amsterdam Amsterdam Airport Schiphol 168,889
9 Prague Václav Havel Airport Prague 151,360
10 Riga Riga International Airport 147,974

Investors[edit]

Northern Capital Gateway (NCG) began managing the airport in 2009.[86]

The airport’s website lists the companies currently participating alongside NCG:[86]

“Russian VTB Capital, member of state-owned VTB Group, German Fraport AG, which manages and operates the airport of Frankfurt and many other international airports, and Horizon Air Investments S.A. member of the Greek Copelouzos Group”.

Although not yet listed on the website, the latest investor is Qatar Investment Authority (QIA), which now owns a 24.99% share of the Pulkovo Airport.[87]

Qatar Investment Authority[edit]

In mid-2016, Qatari sovereign wealth fund QIA was proud to announce that it had purchased nearly a quarter-percent stake in the Russian airport.[88]

Qatar purchased a roughly 10% stake in Thalita Trading from Germany’s airport operating holding, Fraport (FRAG.DE), in July 2016.[87] Thalita Trading is the parent company of NCG, manager of the airport.[89] It was reported that Fraport expected to make between €30–40 million in the sale.[88]

Qatar then bought stake from Copelouzos Group to grow its share in Thalita, and consequently the entire airport, to 24.99%.[89] As of September 2016, it was reported that QIA was to pay €239, or $269 million, for the quarter-percent stake.[90]

Commenting on the sale, Qatar’s Doha News reported that:[88]

“QIA’s purchase of a stake in Pulkovo increases the country’s interest in foreign airports, following a big investment in London Heathrow operator Heathrow Airport Holdings”.

Sheikh Ahmed Al-Thani, vice chairman of QIA and member of Qatar’s ruling Al-Thani family, is now listed as a member of the Board of Directors on the Pulkovo airport’s website, along with Arturo Carta of QIA.[91]

Investment background and controversy[edit]

QIA is the sovereign wealth fund of Qatar founded in 2005 by the Al-Thani family.

Since its inception, the sovereign wealth fund has been ramping up its worldwide real estate purchases, and most recently has invested heavily throughout the United States. The fund purchased stake in the Empire State Building in August 2016 and became the primary investor in one of Washington, D.C.’s larger mixed-use developments, CityCenterDC, which delivered in 2015.[92]

In December 2016, QIA together with commodities trader Glencore purchased a 19.5% share in Russia’s largest oil company, Rosneft, for €10.2 billion ($10.8 billion).[93] Rosneft has been under sanctions by the European Union and United States since 2014.[94][95] A few months following the deal, Reuters reported that when asked if he was still confident about the investment, QIA CEO Sheikh Abdullah Bin Mohammed Al-Thani responded “Absolutely, no doubt”.[93]

In March 2017, CEO Al-Thani announced Qatar’s latest venture: “Soon we will be opening an office in the Silicon Valley in San Francisco“.[96][97]

Qatar’s aggressive investments, including its “interest in foreign airports”, have been met with hesitation from those suspicious about the country’s longstanding connections to multiple terrorist organizations and their senior-level operators.[98][99][100]

Ground transportation[edit]

  • Marshrutka” minibuses No. K-39 run on several lines, some of them following the city bus routes (and using matching line numbers).
  • Pulkovo Airport is served by the shuttle buses(No.39 and No.39Ex). They connect the airport with metro station “Moskovskaya” on line M2.
  • Train station “Аirport” (Russian “Аэропорт”) is 15 minutes walk from Pulkovo 2.

For private car travel, Pulkovo Airport is accessible via the nearby Pulkovo Highway (Pulkovskoe shosse) from Saint Petersburg city center.

Accidents and incidents[edit]

  • April 27, 1974, an Ilyushin Il-18V passenger aircraft of Aeroflot flying to Krasnodar crashed right after take off from Pulkovo after an engine fire. All 108 passengers and 10 members of crew died.
  • June 26, 1991, an Antonov An-24 cargo aircraft of the AKF Polet company heading to Voronezh crashed in the Gulf of Finland five minutes after take off from Pulkovo. All ten people on board died.

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